It is estimated that more than 3.6 million workers in Europe are exposed to diesel engine exhaust (DEE). Diesel exhaust fumes are classified as Group 1 carcinogen by the IARC, meaning they are seen as a definite cause of cancer in humans.
There are nearly 4,700 cases of lung cancer and more than 4,200 deaths per year, which are all linked to DEE in the EU. The main route of exposure is by breathing in diesel engine exhaust. Workers that are often exposed to DEE, have an increased risk of up to 40% to develop lung cancer.
Where risks occur
Diesel engines provide power to a wide variety of vehicles, heavy equipment, and machinery. These engines are used in a large number of industries including mining, transportation, construction, agriculture, maritime, and various types of manufacturing operations. Workers that are exposed are for example mechanics in vehicle repair shops, bus garages and truck terminals, truck drivers, firefighters (also in fire stations), construction workers and forklift operators, people working with fixed power sources like compressors, generators, workers loading and unloading ships or airplanes, workers in quarries and mines, oil and gas workers and toll-booth workers.
More about the substance
Diesel engine exhaust is a complex mixture of gases, vapours, liquid aerosols and particles. The fumes are formed by burning diesel fuels. The composition of the mixture depends on the nature of the engine, fuel and operating conditions. The fumes contain high amounts of soot particles, much higher than in petrol fumes. The mixture includes several carcinogenic substances.
How the symptoms can affect you
Short term exposure to Diesel engine exhaust can cause irritation of the eyes, nose, throat and lungs. Prolonged exposure can increase the risk of developing chronic respiratory disease including lung cancer. The latency period of Diesel engine exhaust related lung-cancer varies between ten to 20 years.
What you can do
The most effective way to prevent exposure is to eliminate DEE. If DEE cannot be eliminated, the exposure to DEE should be reduced through engineering controls. To control exposure, use for example other engines or ventilation systems (like point source extraction), and exhibit good engine management. It is also recommended to establish an exhaustive maintenance programme. Continuously carry out correct exposure measurements so that it is known when action should be taken. Ask the following questions: are diesel exhaust fumes being released into enclosed working areas like garages? Are measures taken to reduce exposure? Do workers report irritated eyes or lungs? Investigate whether workers report early symptoms. Make workers continuously aware of the effects of exposure. In addition, train workers on hazards, safe work practices and on effective hygiene measures. Respiratory protective equipment, designed to protect the wearer from inhaling harmful dusts, fumes, vapours or gases, should only be used as a last resort.
Limit Value(s)
EU directive (unless specified otherwise below)
0,05 mg/m³ as of 21.01.2023 and as of 21.01.2026 in underground mining
AWD currently under revision
Read directive 2019/130/EU here
| Country | National limit value | National reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
 | Austria | 0,05 mg/m³ (TWA) respirable fraction as of 2023 0,05 mg/m³ (TWA) respirable fraction as of 2026 for underground mining 0,4 mg/m³ short term respirable fraction | Reference |
 | Belgium | 0,05 mg/m³ | Belgian reference |
 | Bulgaria | EU directive | To be included |
 | Croatia | EU directive | Croatian reference |
 | Czech Republic | EU directive | To be included |
 | Cyprus | EU directive | To be included |
 | Denmark | 0,01 mg/m³ | To be included |
 | Estonia | 0,05 mg/m³ (TWA) respirable fraction as of 2023 0,05 mg/m³ (TWA) respirable fraction as of 2026 for underground mining | Reference |
 | Finland | EU directive | Finnish reference |
 | France | EU directive | French reference |
 | Germany | 0,05 mg/m³ | German reference |
 | Greece | EU directive | To be included |
 | Hungary | EU directive | Hungarian reference |
 | Iceland | EU directive | To be included |
 | Ireland | 0,15 mg/m³ | To be included |
 | Italy | EU directive | To be included |
 | Latvia | EU directive | To be included |
 | Lithuania | EU directive | Lithuanian reference |
 | Luxembourg | EU directive | To be included |
 | Malta | EU directive | To be included |
 | North Macedonia | 0,1 mg/m³ (TWA) 0,4 mg/m³ short term | Reference |
 | The Netherlands | 0,01 mg/m³ | To be included |
 | Norway | 0,05 mg/m³ | Reference |
 | Poland | 0,5 mg/m³ | To be included |
 | Portugal | EU directive | Portuguese reference |
 | Romania | EU directive | To be included |
 | Serbia | - | To be included |
 | Slovakia | EU directive | Slovakian reference |
 | Slovenia | EU directive | Slovenian reference |
 | Spain | EU directive | Spanish reference |
 | Sweden | 0,1 mg/m³ | Swedish reference |
 | Turkey | - | To be included |
| This data was carefully collected. However, the data is subject to change and was last updated July 6, 2023 2:48 pm. |
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References: IARC, IOSH, OSHA
